Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection in the reproductive tract.
General information
HPV is a group of extremely widespread viruses around the world. There are over 190 types of this virus, with at least 13 of which cause the development of cancer (they are called high-risk types). Human papillomaviruses are mainly transmitted through sexual contact, and most people will infect them shortly after they begin sex. Both types of HPV (16 and 18) result in 70% of all cervical cancer (RSHM) and precervical cancer pathological status.
Possibility of getting sick
Human papillomaviruses are mainly transmitted through sexual contact, and most people will infect them shortly after they begin sex. However, penetrating gender is not required to transfer the virus. Abdominal genital contact is a perfect pathway for the transmission of papillomavirus infection. The risk groups for HPV infection are children and adolescents aged 15-18.
Cervical cancer develops due to acquired infection with certain types of HPV. Risk factors for RSM development: first intercourse in early years; many sexual partners; suppression of immunity (e. g. , people infected with HIV are at increased risk of HPV infection and are infected with a wider range of VPV types).
Symptoms and nature of nature
Most HPV infections do not cause symptoms or disease to appear and pass through themselves (about 90% in 2 years). However, stable infection with certain types of HPV (the types 16 and 18 are most commonly used) can lead to the development of precancerous pathological conditions. Without treatment, these diseases can develop into cervical cancer. Today, cervical cancer has become the most common disease associated with human papillomavirus. Cervical cancer is the fourth and usually the seventh among the most common cancer types in women: According to an estimated 528, 000 new cases in the world in 2012.
RSM symptoms usually occur only in the advanced stages of cancer and may include the following:
- After intercourse, irregular, monthly (between menstruation) or pathological vaginal bleeding;
- back pain, in the legs or pelvis;
- Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite;
- unpleasant sensations or unpleasant odors in the vagina;
- A swollen leg.
In the later stages, more severe symptoms may occur.
Papillomavirus infection also involves 20-90% of the cases of planar cell carcinoma in the anus, oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. According to estimates, up to 90% of all anal cancer cases are caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18, while 40% of vulvar cancer cases (mainly in older women) are associated with HPV-16.
HPV infection due to low-risk types can cause stale warts (sharp condymas or sexually transmitted warts) in both men and women. The average time between type infection of HPV-6 or 11 and the development of sexually transmitted warts is 11-12 months for men and 5-6 months for young women. 16. Difficult to treat anorectal condylomas.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 may also cause rare diseases called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), in which warts form in the throat or other parts of the respiratory tract. RRP was mainly observed for children under 5 years of age (Adolescent PRP) or those under 30 years of age (Adult RRP). In rare cases, women infected with genital HPV can communicate the virus to their babies during delivery. Ridiculous RRP can lead to serious problems due to respiratory obstruction.
Complications after the disease
It has been determined that RSM in 100% of cases is caused by the type of human papillomavirus (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer develops within 15-20 years. For example, women with HIV infection without treatment may develop in just 5-10 years of age. Although there are limited data on cancers, unlike cervical cancer, there is a growing body of actual data showing the relationship between human papilloma and the anus, vulva, vagina and penis. Although these types of cancer are less common than RSHM, their association with HPV makes it possible for them to stop them by using the same major prevention strategies as cervical cancer.
HPV types that do not cause cancer (especially types 6 and 11) can cause apical boreoma and respiratory papillomatosis (a disease in which tumors grow in the respiratory tract, from the nose and mouth to the lungs). Although these conditions rarely cause death, they often cause illness. Sharp D-hole tumors are extensive and very infectious.
die
Cervical cancer (52%) has a high global mortality rate due to human papillomavirus. In 2012, about 270, 000 women died from RSM, with more than 85% of those deaths occurring in countries with low income and average income.
treat
RSM screening is testing precancerous conditions and cancer in women who have no symptoms and feel completely healthy. If screening reveals precancerous pathological conditions, they can be easily treated to prevent cancer. Screening can also identify cancer at an early stage and has a high possibility of cure.
Given that precancerous conditions have been developing for many years, it is recommended that every woman aged 30-49 is screened at least once in life and often live better. Only in a large number of women, screening can effectively reduce the mortality rate of cervical cancer.
Currently there are 3 different types of filters:
- The usual Papanicolau test (PAP) and liquid cytology (LBC);
- Visual verification using acetic acid;
- Test HPV high-risk types.
In developed countries, there are plans to provide women with opportunities for screening, which allows you to determine the most cancerous conditions at the stage when treatment is easily possible. Early treatment of human papillomavirus allows you to prevent up to 80% of RSM development cases in these countries.
In developing countries, limited opportunity for effective screening means that symptoms usually only occur later in the disease. Furthermore, the subsequent stages are ineffective in the treatment of the disease, which leads to high mortality rates of RSM in these countries.
Vaccination effectiveness
Results from clinical trials show that the two vaccines available today are very effective in preventing HPV infections16 and 18. Therefore, it is best to get vaccinated before the first sexual contact. Vaccines do not treat HPV infections or diseases (such as cancer) associated with HPV.
In some countries, vaccination of human papillomavirus in boys has been introduced, and one of the available vaccines can also prevent the development of genital warts in men and women, considering that you can prevent genital cancer in men and women. In addition, vaccination in boys prevents HPV circulation in adolescents and young people. Who recommends vaccination for girls aged 9-13, as this is the most effective public health measure for cervical cancer.
Vaccination against HPV will not replace screening for cervical cancer. In countries where VPV vaccines are developed, it may also be necessary to develop screening plans. By the end of 2013, vaccines against human papillomavirus had been introduced in 55 countries/regions.
Modern mathematical models show that at the coverage of girls 12-13 years old, a full course of primary immunization (3 doses) with a vaccine against papillomavirus infection, it is possible to predict the risks of developing cervical cancer by 63%, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of the third degree of severity (forerun)-by 51%, cytological disorders in age corses to the age corses to the age of age. 30 years - 27% growth.
vaccine
Currently, there are two vaccines that protect 16 and 18 types of human papillomaviruses, causing at least 70% of cervical cancer. These vaccines can also provide some cross protection against other uncommon HPV types, causing RSM. One of these vaccines can also protect the types of HPV 6 and 11, which cause good tumors in the anogenitals.
The development and registration of vaccines against papillomavirus infections identifies the possibility of primary prevention of RSM.
The latest epidemic
Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women – according to an estimated 530, 000 new disease cases are recorded annually, with approximately 270, 000 deaths in patients.
The incidence rate retains an increasing trend.
The average probability of CRM disease per woman in her lifetime is 0. 53%.
Historical information and interesting facts
In the mid-20th century, scientist Harold Tsur Hausen discovered that women with cervical cancer were always infected with human papillar virus. In 1983, he discovered the DNA of the papillomavirus in a cervical cancer biopsy, and the event could be considered an openness of the oncogenic VPH-16 virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, and Harald Zur Hausen discovered that papillar virus may cause cervical cancer.